kali-all-commands

File permissions

To list all files (including hidden ones) along with their permissions, you can use the -la option with the ls command. The -l option provides detailed information, including permissions, while the -a option ensures hidden files are shown.

Here’s the command:

ls -la /mnt/c/Users/akash/Desktop

This will show:

File permissions
Number of links
Owner
Group
File size
Date of last modification
File/directory names (including hidden ones)

To change the permissions of all files and directories in a directory (e.g., the Desktop) in a structured way, we can create a table using chmod to adjust permissions. In Linux, file permissions are represented by three sets of users: the owner, the group, and others. Permissions can be set using symbolic or numeric modes.

Understanding File Permissions

In a table format, permissions are displayed as three characters:

r = read
w = write
x = execute
- = no permission

The permissions for a file or directory are shown as:

rwxr-xr-x

This means:

rwx for the owner (read, write, execute)
r-x for the group (read, execute)
r-x for others (read, execute)

Numeric Mode for Permissions

Permissions can be represented by a number:

r = 4
w = 2
x = 1
- = 0

So the numeric values for the permissions above would be:

rwxr-xr-x = 755

Table to Change Permissions

Here’s a simple table that shows how to change permissions using both symbolic and numeric modes.

Permissions	Numeric Value	Symbolic Command	Description
Read-Write-Execute	777	`chmod 777 <file>`	Full permissions for owner, group, and others
Read-Write-Execute (Owner), Read-Execute (Group & Others)	755	`chmod 755 <file>`	Common for executable files or directories
Read-Write (Owner), Read (Group & Others)	644	`chmod 644 <file>`	Common for text files (owner can modify, others can read)
Read-Execute (Owner), Execute (Group & Others)	555	`chmod 555 <file>`	Owner can read and execute, others can only execute
Read-Execute (Owner), No permissions for Group/Others	500	`chmod 500 <file>`	Owner can read and execute, others have no access
No permissions for anyone	000	`chmod 000 <file>`	No permissions at all
Read-Write (Owner), No permissions for Group/Others	600	`chmod 600 <file>`	Owner can read and write, others have no access

Example Commands for Changing Permissions

To give full permissions to everyone for a file:

chmod 777 /mnt/c/Users/akash/Desktop/yourfile

To make all files in the Desktop folder readable and executable by everyone, but writable only by the owner:
```
chmod 755 /mnt/c/Users/akash/Desktop/*
```
To change permissions for all files and directories on your Desktop to 644 (read/write for the owner, read-only for everyone else):
```
chmod 644 /mnt/c/Users/akash/Desktop/*
```
To change all directories on your Desktop to 755 (execute permission for directories to allow navigation):
```
find /mnt/c/Users/akash/Desktop -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
```
To change all files on your Desktop to 644 (read/write for the owner, read-only for others):
```
find /mnt/c/Users/akash/Desktop -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
```

Recap

You can adjust permissions according to the numeric values or symbolic modes based on your needs. The chmod command is flexible, and you can apply it to individual files or use find to apply changes recursively.

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